Compare two suspension bridges Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Compare two hiatus duads - Essay ExampleIt is worth noting that both the Rhone River- Roquemaure twain and the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge in New York are suspension spans, with the latter having the distinction of being the longest bridge of its kind in all of the United States (Kable 2013 Denenberg n.d.). The Roquemaure Bridge spanning the Rhone River in France, on the other hand, is a suspension bridge that came to replace an older bridge known as the 1835 Roquemaure Bridge, which still has a section in existence astride the present bridge, as a relic. The bridge is noteworthy for being one of 42 bridges in history that have spanned the Rhone River, and has steel as its key structural suspension line of merchandise material. consisting of two lanes, and three suspended spans, one main span and two side spans. It is currently in use and serving a useful function being used as a path crossing the two sides of the Rhone River and providing commuters with a way to get through to the two sides with its two lanes, one expiry in opposite directions and serving the needs of the surrounding population through time (Denenberg (b) n.d. Denenberg (c) n.d.).The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge is glorious in its history and its characteristics, having been made with a keen eye to the engineering and technological considerations and complexities in make such a long suspension bridge span, and mindful of the environmental conditions that the bridge must be able to weather year after year. For instance, each of its towers have a height of 693 feet, and these towers have deviations in terms of top and bottom. That deviation has been measured to be 1 and inches. The deviations are due to the need for the bridge to take into consideration the curvature of the earth, given that the distance between the towers is 4,260 feet. The towers have individual weights of 27,000 tons, and are held

Life essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Life - Essay ExampleRight from a young age I eat up been taught these values and constantly reminded to follow them in my day to day life. As I have learnt the importance of these values early on it has been easy to emulate them and ever since I truly understood these clean-living values and culture I have been striving to adhere to them. This life is a god assumption gift and we ought to spend it wisely and earnestly. Through my life experiences I have learnt that leading a scrupulous life has a lot of positive effect on the mental and physical well-being of the individual. In addition it also helps to cope with difficult situations in life. I have also faced some(prenominal) setbacks in life but the moral values and principles that I believe in have disposed(p) me the strength and courage to face them with a positive spirit and overcome them with right reasoning and tact.Youngsters of the face up generation are being lured into all kinds of addictive habits that have damagi ng effects on their lives and career. It would be very tempting to tread the negative path initially the actual effects would only be felt later on in life but then it would be too late. take a principled life would teach us self-control which would help to refrain from such activities. on that point is no doubt that the modern world is becoming more unsafe and ruthless due to the lessen beliefs in family values, culture, tradition and ethics. Violence and criminal activities have also reached a peak. When closely observed the spate behind these activities would be those who have lived their lives without any set values or principles which are largely imbibed from family. The increase divorce rates resulting in broken families can also be attributed to similar factors and children hailing from broken homes by and large resort to deviant activities.Life has become more materialistic and passel are vigorous to go to any extent to achieve materialistic comforts in life. In the pr ocess people forget that apart

The Analects of Confucius trans. by Arthur Waley . pp. 83-114 Essay

The Analects of Confucius trans. by Arthur Waley . pp. 83-114 - analyse ExampleHis emphasis lay on the morality aspect of life that is based on sincerity, arbiter and the right way to lead ones life. His system of philosophy came to be known as Confucianism. In his Analects, Confucius takes himself to be a sort of transmitter who invented nothing. (The Analects, 479 BCE 221BCE, VII.1)Since he belonged to the ancient ordered society, he was very buttoned-down and had a high vision of personal as well as social perfections. He valued to create a revival that was based on a unified royal state where its rulers bring in their power on the basis of their own sincere moral merit, not their parentage. The Way that Confucius speaks about is the example of ones own self by sheer virtue of morality and not by any quite a little rules or regulations. His ideals and teachings are not conveyed in a direct manner beca mathematical function he made use of allusions, tautology and innuendo. As Arthur Waley explains his famous anecdote When the stables were burnt down, on returning from court, Confucius said, Was anyone hurt? He did not strike about the horses. (Analects X.11, tr. A. Waley) Even though the horses were much more expensive than stablemen, yet he chose to ask about the stablemen instead proving that he valued humans much more than property.In ancient Confucianism, there are two bournes Yi and Li that are closely related to each other and is translated to correspond righteousness. Both these terms compliment each other and means doing the right thing for the right reason. The term Yi is again complimentary to the term Ren which is based on the virtue of completing ones responsibilities suddenly to other human beings. Arthur Waley denotes this as Goodness with a capital G.Confucius desired that all the state should follow the Way or the Path that enhanced goodness and selflessness instead of just pastime the set of rules of Yi. Both Yi as well as

Hurricane Katrina Health Impact in Louisiana Research Paper

Hurricane Katrina Health Impact in lanthanum - Research Paper manakinEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) the hurricane made great unprecedented devastation, which had adverse effects on the hatful of the neighboring coastlines such as Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana. Moreover, inside the countryside to an extent of 150 miles, significant devastation was witnessed from the hurricane that could be seen many another(prenominal) weeks after the disaster (Palser, 2007). Introduction Hurricane Katrina was the most destructive and deadliest hurricane to be reported in the United States in the modern history. The hurricane struck on the coastline on august 2005 causing devastating health problems to the volume of Louisiana and their neighboring vicinities. Various health problems arose out of the hurricane. This hurricane is said to be the costliest and the one of the five deadliest Atlantic hurricanes in the history of USA. From the hurricane, at least 1833 people succumbed to in juries from the debris and suspended floods caused by the hurricane. The estimated total cost of the hurricane is $81billion as of 2005, nearly three times more than that of hurricane Andrew in 1992 (Rodger, 2006). Statement of the Problem Hurricane Katrina caused many damages to the people of Louisiana especially in the health sector. Many people contracted diseases or were infected with various diseases caused by the hurricane

Diet Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Diet Analysis - Essay ExampleOn the other hand, the carbohydrate backbone of desoxyribonucleic acid deoxyribose is an example of unequal numbers of carbon and water, as shown by the forgeula C5H10O4.Carbohydrates perform a full variety of functions in the human body. These macronutrients may function as storage for energy in the form of starch and glycogen. They can similarly function want cellulose and chitin as structurally significant molecules. As mentioned earlier, carbohydrates like deoxyribose and ribose play key roles in heredity as the backbone of the genetic molecule DNA and RNA. Physiologically, ribose is besides an important component in coenzymes like flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD).Secondly, proteins are another class of radical compounds which fall under the macronutrient category. Structurally, proteins are typically one or more polypeptide chains linked unneurotic that fold into diff erent forms depending on their biological function. A polypeptide, for example, is an amino acid polymer chain linked together by peptide bonds. Depending on their function, proteins may fold into one of two configurations, globular or fibrous, and in this sheepfold they add on non-peptide groups called cofactors or prosthetic groups depending on their biological function (i.e. the Heme group in Hemoglobin). Humans tend to require a great amount of proteins, because like carbohydrates, the macronutrient plays different roles in almost all cellular processes. The most common notion people have of proteins is their role in windup(prenominal) and structural support. This involves the actin and myosin found in the muscles as well as the proteins which build the cytoskeleton, the structure that supports and shapes the cells. Some proteins also function as catalytic enzymes which facilitate physiological reactions, specifically in metabolism. As mentioned earlier proteins,

Conclusion- Marketing research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Conclusion- Marketing research - show ExampleThe companys experience has gained it a competitive advantage, for instance Google is available in 88 languages unlike its competitors. The user-interface is easy-to use and simple for the users thus preferable over others. Googles advanced search engines atomic number 18 fast and accurate because they are in order of relevancy to the search topic (Google inc., swot, 2008). It will labor the competitors a while to build advanced search engines that can challenge Google search.The company has a contingency to better as there more opportunities the number of people willing to spend on online front end and the internet is rapidly increasing. The company can develop a mass-market portal to compete with MSN/Yahoo, it also has a browser Google chrome (Google inc., swot, 2008) .All of these increases business opportunities. The company should solve its internal weaknesses such as political issues, promise the threats such as competitors com panies, look for solutions to content piracy issues and move on. So far so nigh but the company has potential to bridge the gap between the current position and the desired

Letter of Intent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Letter of Intent - Essay ExampleAt the age of 11, I moved to the revolutionary world and it was in America that I fully experienced the problems of adjusting and integrating into a new culture. From the lyric spoken on the streets to the manner in which the schools functi atomic number 53d, everything was different and everything was new.I feel that I could have patently faded out and been overwhelmed with pressure had it not been for the kind teachers and other professionals who were willing to help. I remember one teacher in particular who clarified to me both cultural and educational conflicts and spent hours of her time intermeshed with me after work. I recall that even knowing the different currency values was an enlightening tone for me. Even understanding the various mathematical conventions became a revelation for me since it allowed me to perform better at school. The allegiance of these teachers put me in a position that today I wish to be a teacher myself and help t hose who may regard assistance from my side in any way I could entrust it.This is the root of my intent since I clearly remember the hard work, effort and persistence of individuals such(prenominal) as her. My life experiences were changed completely due to the c are shown by my teachers and I hope to carry on the analogous process. I particularly want to focus on Low-income communities since they may have many children who desperately need help I am sure that I can make a positive difference in their life by sharing my experiences with them and teaching them. I also believe that without the presence of organizations such as the corps, many such children could easily be lost in the system.To conclude, my personal header in working for the corps is completely inline with the agenda of the corps to provide all possible support to the children who are growing up in low income communities. I have no qualms in saying that my aim certainly stems from my own experiences and the difficu lties I faced in coming to accept a

Officer Mohammed (Tribute Speech) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Officer Mohammed (Tribute Speech) - Essay exemplificationHe never hid his pride about me. He treated me different from all other grandchildren, endlessly protected me, and taught me what it takes to succeed in this life.Even though he had his good and bad days, my grandfather was so sensitive to the needs and interests of those some him. His charitable deeds cannot go unnoticed. He extended his charitable expire to the needy, poor, and orphans. He taught me that success and good performance is rewarded by taking me and my brothers to Egypt and giving me m bingletary rewards for my academic worth during his life years.His memories run fresh through my mind. When I almost lost my life he was in that respect to stay fresh me. This was the time I almost drowned at sea. Luckily Officer Mohammed was there to rescue me. later that, he took it upon himself to teach me how to swim, so that in a repeat situation I can save myself or each other person in need of my help.Amid his outsta nding character and personality, my grandfather had one critical weakness he is not the listening type. Notably, listening skills are vital in any level of interaction between persons (Downs, 2008). His quest for adventure was only satisfied by driving around the city. My fathers concern over my grandfather driving himself landed on deaf ears. He needed not the services of our family driver.An effective and efficient communication (Wood, 2009) never existed in Officer Mohammeds world. He said and did what he wanted. His poor sight resulted in a road accident that maxim him in a coma for 3 days. When he regained consciousness, he asked my father and my uncles to pass his greetings to me and let me live on that he was so proud of me. Sadly, these were the last words he uttered soon after the 3-day coma, and that tag the end of his life. This was hard for me to bear because I was in the U.S from 2009 to 2010. I never got to say Good adieu to my beloved

Trade and economic grwoth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Trade and economic grwoth - Essay Examplef a large add up of developing nations, while the other group is of the view that spate had adversely alter economic growth of developing nations in particular. Over past few decades, extensive work has been do in this field by employing various statistical models and has been criticized on grounds of assumptions and validity.Therefore, purpose of this paper is to canvas the unconditional developments to economic growth arising from trade and the reasons for which these gains are often not realized. This paper first analyzes positive impacts to economic growth that could be directly attributed to trade. Then, the paper studies empirical evidence from a host of nations in order to verify whether or not these advantages are effectively realized. The aim is to see whether trade always accrues benefits for nations, thereby contributing to their economic growth.The existing literature points out that there a large number of benefits that can be derived from trade. Researchers have also differentiated between static and dynamic impacts, which could be achieved from trade between nations. Static gains are related to improvement in social welfare with fixed make out of input and dynamic gains from trade refer to change in the production structure due to acceptation of red-hot technology (Didier & Pinat, 2013). Firstly, trade helps in alleviation of poverty by increasing opportunities for commercial investments. It also helps in development of the private sector by boosting their sales from increased demand. Secondly, trade helps in enhancing engagement of developing countries by reducing the cost of inputs and adding value to their products. Rising trade brings in more investments for countries, which in turn improves infrastructure and quality of lives of individuals. Thirdly, trade has also been identified as a major fomite for export diversification that can be achieved by developing countries. This enhances possi bility of the developing countries to access new

Writing to Learn 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Writing to Learn 3 - fitting ExampleLack of carbohydrates may lead to fatigue, muscle cramps and poor mental functioning. Proteins be sources of nutrients such as zinc, thiamin and riboflavin that are important in enzyme functioning (DeLuz and Hester 42). Lack of protein leads to depressed metabolism. Vegetable and fruits are rich in antioxidants. Therefore, insufficient fruits and vegetables intake leads to fatigue and mental disorders. Below is a one-day menu plan. eat Omelet of cup egg substitute, cup chopped onion, cup chopped green pepper and 2 teaspoons canola,1 slice whole wheat bread toasted with 1 teaspoon creamy peanut butter,1 forte orange. Lunch3 ounces roasted chicken breast, salads of 2cups mixed greens, one tablespoon red wine, 2 teaspoons sodding(a) oil, 2 whole grain rye crackers, 1/2 cup skimmed milk, 1 mean(a) peach. Dinner should have 1/2 cup brown rice,1/2 cup fresh broccoli and 1 medium carrot stir fried in 2 tablespoons of extra virgin oil,3/4 cup fres h

Latin America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Latin America - Essay ExampleIndigenous culture of the entropy Americans originates from the Incan empire. This empire was established in the year 1438 in the city of Andean for a period of 100 years. Communication was made easier in this region through the building of an expansive network of roads. The Incas built ports, signal towers and food storage facilities on this highway. This allowed the Incas to dominate the western part of the continent.Cultural landscape of southeast America changed immediately after the significance of African slaves. Most of the African slaves were brought to Brazil. This led to the integration of the African culture to that of indigenous Indian beliefs. new(prenominal) historical cultures developed with both physical and cultural landscape (Keen & Haynes, 2012). Cowboy culture developed in pampas in the mid 18th century where they hunted herds of horses and cattle that roamed freely in the land (Un-Habitat, 2012). The full-bodied history of South America is explored by contemporary cultures. Many organizations are trying to bring consultation globally in order to spread social and political messages that will generate revenue from touristry and investment. The aim of these organizations is to ensure sustainable development in South America. Currently they are working on issues like environmental legislation, leadership training and cultural representation.Religious practices remain the stronghold of many South American cultures. Catholicism has dominated the entire continent while other spiritual beliefs dominate the laic activities. Carnival of Reo De Janeiro is an important secular practice that is celebrated 40 days before Easter. This is an important subject in the catholic calendar and one of the largest revenue-generating events in Reo (Keen & Haynes, 2012). The Rio carnival is an important event in South America because it attracts many Brazilians and foreigners. During this time, the hotel

Statistics Research Paper based on a Regression Study Term

Statistics Research based on a Regression Study - bound Paper ExampleThis paper seeks to investigate how household income levels influence prices. In particular, we are interested in investigating whether increases in average household earnings lead to high costs of aliveness. We use asseverate wise data to explore the question. Given the spirit of the data, the specific query that we seek to answer is Does to a greater extent affluent states tend to have relatively high(prenominal) costs of living? The secondary questions are regarding the nature of dependence, i.e., is there a linear dependence or is there in fact a non-linear birth among our variables of interest?In this section we discuss the basic economic theory that we intend to validate and whence develop the hypothesis to test using the data. Economic theory establishes that other things remaining the same, higher income leads to higher demand. That is, if there is an increase in the income of the consumer, ceteris p aribus, at for each one price the consumer will demand more of the good, provided it is not an inferior good (Varian, 2006). Now, given the market supply curve is fixed, such a rise in demand always results in higher prices for the good (Sullivan and Sheffrin, 2003). This is elaborated in the diagram belowIn the diagram above, E1 is the initial equilibrium price. Now if there is an increase in income of the consumer, the quantity demanded at each price increases. As a result, the demand curve shifts from D1 to D2. Given the supply, curve remains unchanged, this results in the vernal equilibrium point E2. Clearly, the new equilibrium price P2 is higher than the initial price P1. Therefore, we find that higher incomes tend to boost up equilibrium prices.Extending this logic implies that localities where more affluent individuals reside should witness higher relative prices. This is because people with higher incomes will bid up prices of general merchandise and, thus, the cost of li ving could potentially be higher for such places. It is

Stainless steel powder metrology Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Stainless steel powder metrology - thesis ExamplePROCEDURE The mixtures underwent a complete outgrowth to obtain the results and compare them according to unalike standards. The procedure of the experiment is explained in detail in this go against of the report. Preparation of the Mixture The powder mixture, each pattern separately, is weighed and the weight recorded. The wait on is initiated after the weighing. The powder is properly mixed using tubes and revolving machine. In these experiments, two different mixtures, ferrous 316L with 1 gram silicon and the same mixture with the addition of 1gm boron is use. The mixtures were then sintered and quenched under different temperature conditions. The sintering has to be discussed briefly to be unders tood. Sintering and Quenching The specimens prepared are pressurized at 700 MPa and made into round discs as shown in the picture below. . The specimen is heated inside a unsympathetic container, to different temperature. As record ed earlier, there are in total 13 specimens which are apply in the experiment. Each specimen is labeled properly before whatsoever kind of experiment us conducted on it. The two mixtures ingests of A and B are heated at 1220, 1230, 1235, 1240, 1280, and 1295o C respectively. Each warning was then sectioned, mounted and polished for microscopical examination. These methods are explained in detail in the following part of the report. Sectioning It is essential for maximizing the working parameters since incorrect cutting can waste small samples, which are very(prenominal) difficult to make. The sample with deformation should be given maximum support to un-clamp them (German, 1990). Mounting The samples are too little in size to handle the different steps of the procedure. It is essential for maximizing the working parameters. wherefore a uniform and rounded surface is given to the specimen so that the damage is prevented during grinding and shining procedures (German, 1990). G rinding The samples are grounded to reach finer surfaces. Grinding is done under stream of water to clear up any free particles that are being cut out of the sample and to minimize the eroding ready on the sample and to save its surface from rash cuts. The specimen is then dried out as there was water on it (German, 1990). Polishing It is also a very important part of the experiment. Since for the picture taking the best surface is required. It is done by rotating a cloth over the surface with the help of a polishing machine. A polishing liquid is also used (German, 1990). Etching The samples need to be sculptured as the last part of the procedure. But before etching is done, the surface has to be cleaned and free of any impurity. The samples have to be etched with a proper liquid to prevent damage. During the process, the sample is removed from the sample when the first blooms of grains are observed. After etching, the samples are washed ruinously with washing material, either water or alcohol. Warm air is then passed over it. If the material is of soft nature, it must be covered so the surface can be saved (German, 1990). Microscopic examination This is a very important process since the examination with naked eye would not reveal the required results. Special method of illumination is used between the two controlling diaphragms to enlighten the eye piece where the results can be seen and photographed (German, 1990). Recording before the Procedure The two

Privacy on the Web Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Privacy on the Web - Essay ExampleAlthough electronic network providers guarantee the confidentiality of exploiter data, security of customer data is often compromised due to several reasons and this pip negatively affects users loneliness on the network. This paper will apply the decision making framework to analyze loneliness on the web and discuss the ethical approach that comes closest to the decision made. Decision Making Framework Reynolds (2011, P. 18) has outlined quint phases in the decision-making process such as developing problem statement, identifying alternatives, evaluating and choosing alternatives, implementing decision, and evaluating results. Stakeholders affected by the decision argon identified in the problem statement phase without making any assumption. Evidently, internet users are the special stakeholders of any decision regarding the privacy on the web because they face increased threat to confidentiality and security of their in the flesh(predicate ) data on the web. In addition, marketers represent an other major stakeholder group because the way the privacy on the web is entertained can greatly affect the users confidence in organizations, which in turn would significantly influence organizations business growth. The politics and other official authorities concerned are some other main stakeholders because they are responsible for securing the privacy of users on the web. There are many ways to protect users privacy on the web. First, strict website policies can greatly promote user privacy on the web because websites directly receive and store abundant customer data such as name, contact numbers, and realization card details. Secondly, well stated technical and privacy policy protections can sharpen privacy on the web to a great extent. Thirdly, some recent proposals for giving medication regulations can be a separate alternative to promote the confidentiality of internet users. As Tracy, Jansen, Scarfone & Winograd (2007) report, tt seems that organizations often compromise their website policies to entertain their personal interests and this situation in turn negatively affects security of user information on the web. Similarly, technical and privacy policy protections may not often ensure privacy on the web considering the growing prevalence of computer hacking and other malware attacks. Hence, it is better to choose new proposals for government regulations as a potential strategy to enhance privacy on the web. When the government directly regulates organizations privacy protection policies, privacy on the web is potential to be protected effectively. In order to ensure government intervention in user privacy protection on the web, it is vital to define the areas where the government can regulate and restrict websites activities. It is advisable for the government to strictly limit websites rights to use customer information/data beyond the purpose for which the data/information was actual ly collected. Finally, it would be better to establish a separate governmental agency to monitor websites efforts to infrangible privacy on the web. The governmental agency must comprise policymakers, law professionals, and technical experts. Undoubtedly, the direct government control over websites privacy protection practices can be effective to manage different challenges to privacy on the web. This approach will certainly promote the interests of organizations, online customers, and government authorities. However, this privacy protection

Propeller Governor Operation and Maintenance of Propellers Article

Propeller governor Operation and Maintenance of Propellers - Article ExampleWith the prison-breaking method, the propeller is hanged by cord and the imbalance noteworthy by the eccentricity between the disks attached firmly and the cylinder that is attached to the part under test (FAA, 2012). However, the suspension method is not used frequently as compared to the knife edge method which is simpler and accurate to contract out.The knife edge method involve the use of two hardened steel pieces that are attach so that there is scanty rotation of a propeller (assembled) in between them. The setting of this knife edge test should be done in a room or area free from air motion and other form of hard vibration. Whenever a propeller is balanced statically, it remains in that position as compared to the one that is not statically balanced (FAA, 2012).It should be noted that during the balance check, the blades must be at the same angle. This is necessary because it would enable the pe rson checking to have finite details. The propeller should not slip to any other position unless specified by the manufacturer, as this will avoid damaging the constitutional propeller

Transformation of Asean Community to Aec and the Effects to Thailand Essay Example for Free

work shift of Asean lodge to Aec and the Effects to Thailand EssayRecently, the existence has experienced financial crisis, those countries that have been powerful and have intemperate economies much(prenominal) as the members of European Union (EU) such as the United Kingdom, France and Greece, be facing a big financial collapse. So now a new economic residential area is arising with intense emulation because new commercialises are developing and financial opportunities are sought. Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) is wiz of signifi burnt players in the worlds economy for centuries. It has emerged strongly from the financial crisis offering the new opportunities for investors and business throng. The relate and attention of investiture are moving to the ASEAN area more and more each year because of the gettable untapped market in the ASEAN and the potential of being the production base that eases and facilitates those new incoming trafficrs and inves tors. al well-nigh(prenominal) investors have kept their eyes on the regions performance and its transition into the ASEAN sparing fraternity (AEC) which is the newest area of economic integration in the world. To study this economic bloc is signifi dopet in put up to capture the great opportunities and prepare to be ready in taking the supreme advantages from the AEC. In the transforming processes, some practices im classify be applied to the members and that mountain make the difference between failure and victor of the AEC retch apparent. This could run for to a modification of the plan for AEC integration in the futurity, from the beginning of origin point to the swap of community which takes place in four phases, its visions and four pillars. They should be taken into consideration to learn how it workings to move forward because this economic community allow for possibly be the new engine of the world economy.This essay consists of an introduction, explanation and clarification on the ASEAN and the AEC. In prepare to critically examine the AEC most of its dimensions allow be discussed. There are three areas included in the paper which are, firstly identify and portray both communities targets of existing as well as the characteristics of the community, these explanations can be used to explain and get by what the AEC represents in the past, present, and future. The detail of each four-pillar, the core targets of the AEC, leave alone be care full(a)y interpreted. Secondly the benefits of the AEC will be briefly examined. And lastly, the challenges that the AEC may face in the progression of it transformation from ASEAN will be analysed. Some shadow will be offered in the conclusion.What are ASEAN and AEC?Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was established on 8 wondrous 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand. The founding members are Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Sin hurly burlyore, and Thailand. After that Brunei Darussalam, Viet N am, Lao PDR and Myanmar, and Cambodia joined in 1984, 1995, 1997, and 1999, respectively. At the beginning, it was for political purposes and was declared a preferential distribute area in 1977. (Frankel and Wei, 1997, p.312) that is the point where the ASEAN started moving towards the economic community and move further in 1992 when the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) was established.Source International Monetary Fund, 1994, homo Economic Outlook, October 1994 A Survey by the cater (Washington) Its performances have been outstanding. Apparently from many measurements, for example, the increasing of ASEANs Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the indicator that used to calculate health of the areas economy, compares to other countries is remarkable. In get in 1, from 1960-70, its Real GDP was 5.6. It has gradually increased and in 1990-2000, the real GDP was 7.6 which comparable with Republic of Korea, more or less lower than China and even higher than Japan that was at 2.5 (Larsen F., Aziz J., 1997, p.309).The Real GDP Growth of the ASEAN-6 (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam) is forecasted to fade 6.0% on average from 2011-2015 while the EUs real GDP return before 2015 will not be more than 3% (The convention Board, 2012). Additionally, the inflation has rebrinyed stable which reflects the notable performance of the ASEAN in setting fiscal and financial policies. Furthermore, the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in lights that was unattractive in the past, now it has distinguished among the world FDI inflows. As of 1995-2005, the FDI inflows of the ASEAN was or so US$15,773 to US$38,083 million (ASEAN FDI Database, 2006, p.13) but after that it has been rocketed to US$47,075.6, US$ 38,266 and US$76,207 million in 2008-2010, respectively.(ASEAN Foreign Direct Investment Statistics Database, 2012, p.1) interpreter One Purposes of Establishing AECThe main purpose of the establishment of ASEAN was cooperation in many areas suc h as economic, social, and etc. that promotes the regional peace and stability. (Economic Community Factbook , 2011, p.viii) still though, there are many changes in the framework of benefit in the ASEAN, the shared vision outer looking, living in peace, stability and prosperity, bonded together in partnership in dynamic development and in a community of caring societies(ibid., p.viii) is maintained and used as fundamental outline in the future for all(prenominal) ASEAN nations. In 2003, all ASEAN members decided to create the more committed and strong economic community which is called AEC they targeted to reach the plan by 2020. But then in 2007, they have changed to accelerate the established to 2015. The taking into custody on core four-pillar of the AEC can acknowledge the main purposes of the AEC and build an awareness on how the opportunities will be occurred in the region. love to the four-pillar (ASEAN secretariate, 2012, p.3-14), first is exclusive Market and Product ion Base, the ASEAN attempts to bring 10 nations to beseem one market and a place production base of the world by executing fin Free Flows which are firstly, Free Flow of Goods by creating a responsibility liberalisation and a trade facilitation within the region. Making the custom process more ready and standardised to build an ASEAN Single window, this flow hightail its to economies of scale, and reduction in cost while increasing productivity, to the region. Secondly, Free Flow of Services which liberalises every service sector to leverage the flexibility within the ASEAN. Thirdly, Free Flow of Skilled Labour, live on power and effectiveness of qualified professionals mobility. Fourthly, Free Flow of Investment eliminates restricted regulations that not facilitate free flow and openness in an investing. Lastly, Free Flow of Capital that integrates the ASEANs financial market and capital market to ensure the trades strength and flow. The willingness of each nation to conso lidate market is the problem that brings the most difficulty in success this pillar.The second pillar, Competitive Economic Region, aims to create the appropriate arguing environment within the ASEAN by setting policies in order to protect the customer right and businesses in the ASEAN. The most important component of this pillar is an fundament development which includes the transportation and logistics services. The crucial point is to evoke the efficient and secure transport network not only physical infrastructure, e.g. road and rail, but similarly the soft infrastructure such as high-speed connection on internet and ICT application. To ease inter-border investment and financing on regional infrastructure are the most significant leverage to create a competitive economic in the region. The infrastructures are important in catching up the worlds advancement and speed up the equal competition within the region.The third pillar, Equitable Economic aim, purposes to support the Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, and Vietnam (CLMV) and SMEs in the region for creating the fair competition and promoting the advanced competitiveness environment. It in any case aims to corroborate the ASEANs competitive capacity in international level. The gap that exists within the region can opposed down the process in success of this pillar. The last pillar, Integration into the spherical Economy, even though it has existed over the decades that ASEAN has signed Free Trade Area agreement with major partners in the world market, the AEC will act as the one partner to the other markets, for instance, with China where the ASEAN benefits most because of its early economic recovery.Part Two Benefits of AECIn 2012, the ASEAN is in the phase III of the ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint which consists of four phases, the master plan in creating the AEC, which some benefits and obstacles in turn into new economic community have appeared and those can be learned in order to adjust the new plan, maintain the effectiveness of it and hasten the efficiency. Regard to the four-pillar, the benefits of the AEC are attract new FDI both from within and outside the region as a dissolving agent of larger market, openness and free flow within the ASEAN that are caused by non-tariff barriers. These can promote the technologicals improvement and hasten the trade integration of the region which leads to the independence from external regions economy. In the past, the ASEAN has relied its economic growth and trade with the major partners such as United States and European Union.As the AEC becomes more integrated, the more productivity growth and more strength in international competition capacity it will be and it will in addition less vulnerability to external crisis. The economies of scale is another benefit that the AEC can received if the successful of the Single Market and Production Base happens which bring about to the cost reduction in production because of the tariff liberalisation. As soon as the free flow of skilled labour occurred, the level of education will increase dramatically which improves the living standard and income standard. Not only well-beings will arise but excessively the decreasing of poverty in the region will truly happen. By adding the new infrastructure to region, the contraption in communication, travel and trade will support the competitiveness of the ASEAN.Part Three Challenges of Becoming AECWhen the large progression takes place, the challenges and problems that present obstacles and slow down the processes of transformation will occur and cause difficulties in hit the goal. From the earlier processes till 2012 the third phase, the problems that struggle the ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint have been reviewed and observed through the scorecard measurement that evaluates each phases of four-pillar. The percentage of completed tasks comparing to the benchmark is showing both successful and unsuccessful performanc e of the AEC.Source Adapted from ASEAN Secretariat (2012).Chartering Progress toward Regional Economic Integration .ASEAN Economic Community Scorecard, 8-15. Retrieved August 21, 2012, http//www.aseansec.org/publications/ASEAN_AECFactBook.pdf According to the scorecard the most successful area in the four-dimension is the Integration into the Global Economy phase I achieved 100% and phase II achieved 77.8% (on average of 85.7%), as suggested in the preliminary part that ASEAN have done many agreement with world partners so it is the task that every nations in ASEAN can do best as a result of well experienced. The most difficult part is Single Market and Production Base phase I achieved 93.8% and phase II achieved 49.1% (on average of 65.9%) and tight followed by the Equitable Economic Development that is on average of 66.7%.These are the areas where the ASEAN cannot do well because of the gap between members, obviously that ASEAN-6 and CLMV are very apart in standard of living and education which lead to lack of attention from those laggards in improving equality abilities toward the AEC, as well as the behindhand infrastructure development countries such as the Philippines, Lao PDR and Vietnam that have to catch up with others (Basu Das, 2012, p.4) the lack of financial support could be the main cause because to build up the strong infrastructure network, it requires massive financial investment not only for the construct platform but also the management tasks. Those other countries are also slow in implementing the plan, for example, in Thailand the corruption has slowed the development progress. In Cambodia and Myanmar, political restrictions and barriers are controversial and unpredictable.another(prenominal) challenge is the ASEAN nations see each other as competitors not partners, for instance, Thailand and Vietnam in Rice industry, they compete to lead in the sector, they not intend to become the single market in reality. Moreover, trade within the AS EAN is comparatively low compared with other regions in the world (A. Frankel J. Wei S., 1997, p.312). This causes the weakness of the ASEAN in competing with other regional integration because its economy, including the exporting and import, depends on other countries and leads to financial weakness. Lastly, the language struggle is a major issue. People in the ASEAN are lacking in linguistic skills, except in Singapore, Malaysia, and the Philippines, they cannot speak English and Chinese which are the main business median languages so it seems to bring the inequality to the people in region and slow the success of Free Flow of Labour.ConclusionThe AEC is the most crucial task that the ASEAN has to complete in order to have a sustainable growth in financial and economic affairs in the future. though the establishment of the ASEAN was long, the gap between nations still exists. And even though outstanding performance is the most draw from investors, the readiness in infrastructur e is still questionable. Towards the AEC era requires hard working and cooperation within the ASEAN, the success of the AEC can come from the readiness of individuals in region. Thus, education is the fundamental factor to create understanding in the AECs purposes. It can empower people to obtain the most benefits from the AEC and not to be taken advantages by outside investors.The foundation principles of the AEC are the four-pillars which will assist it in becoming a single market and key production base of the world. With an appropriate competitive environment and a developed uniformity the region can become a significant global economic engine. People should also be well-informed about the positive sides as well as the challenges in the transformation to the AEC so they can take full advantage of these opportunities. Nevertheless, the AEC is like other economic communities, it is essential to have a consistency in development, discipline and commitment of each nation in the com munity. As can be seen from the failure of the other communities such as the EU, the carelessness and indiscipline can cause on uncontrollable crisis that can affect people around the world and diminish confidence.BibliographyASEAN FDI Database (2006).FDI Flow to ASEAN 1995-1st Quarter 2006.Statistics of Foreign Direct Investment in ASEAN, 13. Retrieved August 14, 2012, from http//www.aseansec.org/5187-1.pdfASEAN Foreign Direct Investment Statistics Database (2012).Top ten sources of foreign direct investment inflow to ASEAN.ASEAN Statistics.1. Retrieved August 14, 2012, from http//www.aseansec.org/stat/Table27.pdfASEAN Secretariat (2012).Chartering Progress toward Regional Economic Integration .ASEAN Economic Community Scorecard, Retrieved August 21, 2012, http//www.aseansec.org/publications/ASEAN_AECFactBook.pdfBasu Das, S. (Eds.) (2012). Achieving the Asian Economic Community 2015 Challenges for member countries and business. Singapore ISEAS.Frankel, J., Wei, S. (1997).ASEAN in a Regional Perspective. In J.Hicklin D.Robinson A. Singh(Eds.), Macroeconomic Issues Facing ASEAN Countries (pp.311-365). Washington D.C. away Relations Department, Publication Services.International Monetary Fund, 1994, World Economic Outlook, October 1994 A Survey by the Staff (Washington).Larsen, F., Aziz, J. (1997).ASEAN in the World Economy. In J.Hicklin D.Robinson A. Singh (Eds.), Macroeconomic Issues Facing ASEAN Countries (pp.299-310). Washington D.C. External Relations Department, Publication Services.The Conference Board (2012).Comparison of Base Scenario with Optimistic and Pessimistic Scenarios, 2012 2025.Global Economic Outlook 2012. Retrieved August 20, 2012, from http//www.conference-board.org/data/globaloutlook.cfm

United Nations and Big Powers Essay Example for Free

United Nations and massive Powers Essay high by experience, the founders of the United Nations realized that, if the new organization was to keep and secure outside(a) peace, it must be far stronger organization. So, with practical sense and pragmatic considerations, they sort to make an improve workforcet upon the League-Covenant. The United Nations Charter clearly proves such an improvement. First, the League did not sufficiently recognize the value of self determination, human rights, and equal rights of men and women and of nations, large and small, the United Nations Charter has emphasized all these values. Secondly, the League int conclusioned to keep peace without outlawing war. only when the United Nations has, under Art 2 (4), prohibited war. Thirdly, the League failed to distribute power properly mingled with two chief organs the General crowd and the guarantor Council. just the United Nations has very cautiously demarcated power between them. Thus, under Art 2 4 (1), the primary responsibility of maintenance of peace and golf club has been entrusted upon the Security Council.Fourthly, all the member-states are to take an oath, under Art 2 (3) that on the call of the Security Council, they must unitedly stand against any aggressor. Fifthly, chapter VI contains several Articles regarding pacific and compulsive settlement of disputes for maintaining peace. Thus, in act of aggression, the Security Council may advice the disputing states to settle the issue peacefully. But, if anyone of them defies it, the Security Council can adopt punitive measures by asking all the member-states to cut off political, diplomatic and economic relations with the culprit.If this measure similarly fails, the Security Council may adapt military measures by sea, air and land-forces and all the member states are butt against to provide the UN- armament necessary troops, material and passages in order to continue military operations. For conducting such operation s, Art 47 (1) has provided for the appointment of a Military Staff Committee. Thus, since the beginning, it was claimed that the United Nations was an organization sufficiently empowered to take trans execution against a recalcitrant state and, that international peace was sufficiently secured with the formation of such an organization.Authors like Norman Benthic view as even claimed that, it has teeth. But, as a matter of fact, the United Nations and the Security Council rent failed to serve the purpose as desired by the makers. It is true that, on few occasions, like the Korea-crisis, the UN was commensurate to take action for securing peace. When, in 1950, North Korea, strengthened by the Chinese support, attacked South Korea by cut through the 38 degree parallel, the UN took joint action in order to establish peace and justice by saving South Korea.As Eichelberger opines, Korea presents a clear example of United Nations application of collective shelter (Eichelberger 20). But, on many other occasions, it has failed to serve its purpose and, hence, peace has been threatened on various situations. For example, the UN has failed to forestall America from taking action in Vietnam, or to protect India in 1962 from Chinese aggression, or to anticipate Soviet Russia from interfering in the affair of Afghanistan. In short, on various occasions, his weakness has been discernible, because the sizeable Powers have often defied the United Nation by violating their pledge.Thus, the chief reason of the failure of the United Nations is the conflicting interests of the Big Powers. For this reason, Clement observes, The very name United Nations is a misnomer and, hence, may be called disunited nations (Clement 483). Particularly, after the end of Second World War, the USA and Soviet Russia, the erstwhile partners, drifted apart and became strong enemies. Though Britain and France joined the American campy, communist China sided with the Soviet Russia. Thus, the m ajor powers have been divided into two contending camps.Moreover, even the members of the same camp have developed mutual rivalry and distance. These conflicting interests have been reflected inside the United Nations. For this reason, on each occasion, they pursued different policies both within and outside the United Nations. For example, though it is said that the United Nations army saved South Korea in 1950, only fifteen nations took part in the military operation whatever states like Soviet Russia opposed it and some others remained neutral. Such differences have materially weakened the UN.Moreover, the Soviet cast out paralyzed the Security Council from taking actions in Korea and hence, the General Assembly, by adopting the Uniting for Peace Resolution accommodate the decision of taking military action. As Nicolas observes, The failure of the Security Council to function as planned threw the Assembly into an unintended prominence (Nicolas 72). Moreover, as pointed out ea rlier, the Charter intended that the Security Council can take action against the villain of peace. As Godspeed opines, The Council is free to utilize any technique or procedure or conclave of methods or which might prove useful.But often the maintenance of peace requires military action. But through the Charter speaks of a Military Staff Committee, it has not yet been set up cod to Big power-differences. As Russell observes, Collective Security, as a method of preventing war cannot succeed until there is an international armed force. But the United Nation has no such a force due to conflicts of Big Powers. In this way the major powers have actually defied the pledge of the United Nation and have trim back it into an impotent organization.

The implications of the European monetary union Essay Example for Free

The implications of the europiuman m championtary union EssayIn this report, I provide be addressing the implications of the European monetary union and the problems genus genus Zeus get fall(a) out wipe out in developing their market in Europe.The UK and EMUWhen the UK immovable non to heart the European monetary union (EMU) in 1999, it fixed UK stage disdaines, especially those who heap in spite of appearance the EU.Does it matter whether sterling is in or out?For many UK Businesses, commerce indoors the EU has become more competitive.After the introduction of the Euro, an Italian company for example, competing for a German companies military control could cut 3% of cost imputable to their common currency, making it potenter for UK business to fence. Currently UK businesses argon stip poleiary 3bn per year in exchange rates, which hit small firms corresponding Zeus the hardest.AdvantagesBy joining the oneness currency, British businesses bequeath benefit f rom a fixed exchange rate al pooring businesses to plan and budget for futurity activities more accurately.Fixed exchange rates allow for deliver perceptual constancy and maturation confidence that lead lead to more investment and jobs. By staying out of the Euro Britain will be at a angiotensin converting enzyme out to competitors in the Eurozone who already trade with each other using the same currency.The development of free trade has contri justed enormously to the frugal prosperity across the EU, with the strong position of the wealthier nations and helping to bring the poorer nations more stability and economic success. The introduction of a single currency removes one of the final barriers to free trade i.e. the relations cost and the uncertainty involved in currency conversion.The removal of national currencies will encourage cross-border investment since the traditional reluctance of many investors to move their money into a currency other than their suffer will no longer be a factor. Businesses across the Eurozone will therefore be able to draw and quarter more investors from other Eurozone countries, and investment will be based on the competitiveness of a business rather than its nationality. This will growth the pressure on uncompetitive businesses to improve their efficiency. An growth in cross-border mergers and acquisitions will also lead to more streamlined and efficient businesses across the Eurozone.DisadvantagesMost of Britain international trade is carried out in US dollars, a currency against which the exhaust has enjoyed far more stability than has the Euro. The fact that the pound has risen so much against the Euro since the Euros launch is a sign of the Euros weakness. sortover to the Euro would be endured by all businesses in the UK, whether or not they trade with Eurozone countries. Most British companies, sell to local markets. These firms would still develop the costs of conversion and not see any benefit from the removal of currency transaction costs. tour there would be a saving from the absence of currency transactions for exporters, these would be off execute by the costs of the changeover.There piddle been fears that inbound investment in British based industry would run as a result of staying out of the Euro, the reality has been very different. In 2001 the Office of National Statistics report that inward investment in Britain for the 2000/2001 financial year was 341 billion, an increase of 36% over the previous year.The system that a single currency will lead to the harmonisation and lowering of prices across Europe seems hard to support. Regional differences in prices are a result of differences in levels of taxation as well as variations in labour, property and transportation costs. The cost of living in different parts of the UK varies considerably, even though all regions distribute the same currency.Less scrupulous retailers would utilization the introduction of the Euro to round-up prices, just as they did during decimalization 30 years ago.How This make ZeusBeing part of the EMU will benefit a small company like Zeus, (see advantages above) notwithstanding, there are some other factors that Zeus occupy to be aware of.Promotion and packaging will also ache to change. The language and content on the peignoir and will have to that of the country it is being sold in.Health and safe requirements of products would have to meet one standard rather then having to adapt products for different countries, yet since Zeus currently trade generally in the USA they would need to adapt their product to EU standards in order to trade deep down the community, which expertness be costly but beneficial.Cost of the BenefitIf the UK were to join the EMU, cost increases and reductions will occur.Change of EquipmentThe costs for UK businesses of abolishing the pound and substituting the euro would be massive notes and coins would need to be replaced, along with bullion registers, silver dispensing machines, accounting systems etcetera The retail sector would have to undergo a complete renovation of cash systems. The costs of this changeover would come across all businesses in the UK, whether or not they trade with Europe and whether or not they will benefit. Consumers and businesses would have to pay for these costs through higher prices and taxes. It would take years forward the trivial day-to-day savings on European transactions outweighed the costs of the changeover.More Competitive MarketsThe Euro ensures companies will manifestation a more integrated European market. Cross-border trade and investment will be moved(p) and competition strengthened in many markets. Businesses who see foreign exchange risk and transaction costs as barriers to cross-border trade are likely to move into new markets once these barriers are removed. New business start-ups may also be encouraged.Transparent Price DifferencesIt will be possible to direct ly equality prices for the same goods and services in different EU countries and spot the best prices. Despite the SEM, price disparities ride out as a result of differential pricing policies, tax rates, transportation costs, national market structures, and perceived product values.The ability for consumers to compare prices will move prices towards the lowest market level and businesses will descry it hard to maintain pricing policies by country and currency.Treasury and FinanceFor many European businesses the Euro will present opportunities for long-term savings altering balance sheets, cash flow management, currency management, and corporate finance. Businesses with units run in different currencies will be able to record and compare all accounting values, margins, costs, expenditures etc. in one currency.Such transparency may greatly assist in processes of interior(a) planning, accounting, and benchmarking. unconnected ExchangeEurozone firms avoid the risk of exchange rate c hanges. Exchange rate movements dont impose a penalisation but volatility in exchange markets and the unpredictability of rates can be costly. Many firms have opted to hedge exchange risks for long-dated transactions or included a margin in their prices to broaden exchange rate movements.Under the single-currency, foreign exchange transaction costs are eliminated on internal dealings with benefits as much as 8% on the total price of industrial goods. hire TransparencyEmployees will find it easier to calculate and compare wages between workers in different countries within the same company. Transparency of wages will bring salary product c supportr to reality and increase labour mobility. Variations in salary and remuneration exist today and workers always ask why are they paid that much over there when Im paid this much here?, firms can usually test difference in taxation, benefits, purchasing power etc. by country and currency. Organisations need to consider how to set fair and competitive remuneration packages in a Euro-denominated environment.Lower Borrowing CostsIts axiomatic with a single currency and single central imprecate that there will be a single sake rate. Banks will lend in Euros and enterprises will be able to borrow from outside their countries without subject the risk of exchange rates, reducing borrowings costs. Cost savings may be greatest in countries where Euro interest rates fall below previous rates. The introduction of the Euro should favour the development of new financing methods. Overall, firms should have more choice and flexibility in raising finance and, in many cases, will face lower costs.How This Effects ZeusAll these costs are going to affect Zeus and it might be a good idea for Zeus to look into these costs now, if they want to stay trading in years to come.Moving ProductionMany multi-national companies have expressed misgivings of Britain staying out of the Euro and state it could affect investments in British jobs.Com panies want to know the value of the goods they sell from the UK will not belittle due to fluctuations in the exchange rate between Britain and the European countries and the cost of British labour will not rise significantly due to a strengthening pound.However, American, Asian and other foreign companies favour the UK as a base for their European operations because of factors such as culture, language, a de-regulated, business friendly environment, and low levels of taxation and corruption.EMU entry could reduce the cost of capital for UK firms if long-term interest rates knock down within the EU and if membership of a larger financial market reduced the cost of finance. These costs could fall for SMEs in particular if joining EMU lowers the barriers which prevent SMEs accessing EU financial markets and lowers the cost of bank lending. Over time, EMU is likely to boost cross-border investment flows and foreign direct investment (FDI) in the Eurozone. The UKs circumstances of to tal EU FDI flows has fallen, coinciding with the start of EMU, and a corresponding increase in the share of the Eurozone. plainly against the backdrop of many other influences on FDI flows, its difficult to say EMU has boosted FDI within the Eurozone. Successfully operate EMU and UK membership of it on the right basis, would boost FDI over the longer-term. The longer membership of the euro is delayed, gains of change magnitude inward investment are postponed. If sustainable and durable crossway is achieved, then the quantity and quality of investment would increase.How This Effects ZeusIf Zeus was to relocate to Europe, there would be decreased takings, transport and currency costs however the initial outlay moving into Europe will be costly but allow Zeus to be in the market they wish to operate in.The skills and expertise of the workforce of that county may not have what Zeus require and may cost more money training employees to the standard required.Moving production into a different country may benefit the company as all countries have differing resources, like labour. Zeus will need to evaluate all the factors involved in moving production and decided wheather it would be beneficial for them.Expansion in EuropeWith more than half the UKs trade with the EU and increase integration of product, labour and capital markets, the UKs economic interest is best pursued through a intensify cooperation with other European countries as part of the Governments commitment to a strong EU and a triple-crown EMU. As the Prime Minister said in November 2002We should have more self-confidence because we are a leading European power, always have been and always will be.However, there are implications to expanding a businesses share in the European market.The Governments documentarysThese global and European trends are mirrored in the Governments central economic objective for the UK to induce a stronger, more enterprising economy and a fairer society, extending econo mic opportunity and supporting those around in need to ensure that rising national prosperity is shared by all.and dodgeStability, productiveness and employment opportunity are the foundations of the Governments economic strategy. Since 1997, the Government has taken tough decisions and introduced wide-ranging reforms to establish a platform of economic stability and to promote work and enterprise, tackle poverty and deliver sustained investment to modernise public services. The Governments decision on UK membership of the single currency must contribute to these objectives.The benefits from word sense to the euro depend on trade integration between the UK and the Eurozone through the elimination of currency fluctuations and transaction costs. The UK has increased trade within the EU since joining. Chart 5.3 shows how UK trade with the EU has risen by 5%.The cushion of EMU on UK trade, competition, productivity and growth thorugh substantial possible gainsEMU membership could enh ance productivity in the medium-term by increasing trade and investment and stimulating competition, also helping to promote economic reform in the EU and encourage specialisation in the longer-term.Therefore, EMU could effect the five-spot nominate drivers of productivity. Based on broad-based evidence on the impact of trade, it seems reasonable to assume that each 1% increase of trade to GDP increases real GDP per head by at least 1/3 % in the long run and perhaps as much as 2/3 %. In a best case scenario, with stability through sustainable and durable crossroad, a long-term increase in trade with the Eurozone at the top of the 5% to 50% range and increased investment goad competition, UK output could be around 9% higher over 30 years within a successful EMU than outside. This could add around 1/4% a year to GDP growth.but not without sustainable and durable convergenceConditional on the achievement of sustainable and durable convergence between the UK and the euro area. Where it is not assured, the trade benefits from EMU would be likely to be at the lower end of the range, meaning gains to trade and competition from membership could be negligible. Estimates suggest a lack of flexibility and convergence in some EU countries. However, EMU has increased trade within the EU by 3% and 20% since 1999. Volatility and uncertainty resulting from EMU membership in the absence of sustainable and durable convergence could have a negative impact on the actual level of UK output in the long-term.The Governments strategy to tackle the barriers to productivity growth and close the productivity gap, involves continued microeconomic reforms in the UK to target the five key drivers of productivity combined with support at the European level for policies to strengthen competition and the integrity Market.How This Effects ZeusExpanding into the European market place has two major implications that Zeus will need to consider.Firstly that since EMU, theres increased competi tiveness within the EU and Zeus may find it hard to compete if their strategy and overall business is not strong.And when the 10 new countries enter the EU and join the EMU, it could decrease sales and profits even production as their economies are weaker then the rest of the EU and would affect Zeus expansion into Europe.Political ImplicationsThere are as expected, political implications to expansion into the European marketplace.In the UK, taxation on businesses is not as high as other EU countries, as the UK political relation want to promote economic growth. If the EU were to set the level of interest and taxation for all Eurozone countries it may not be beneficial for all countries or their goals. It could be seen as too much occasion and lack of sovereignty power and could cause bureaucracy and federalism.It could be argued that by joining the EMU the UK would lose its economic and political sovereignty something the UK is not currently ready to give up for the euro and its benefits.To protect their own interests, countries can restrict imports by putting limitations, subsidies, quota or import duties to imports to protect industries. But this does nothing to hold out free trade within the EU. Free trade was developed to increase political and economic stability within the EU.How This Effects ZeusBusinesses like Zeus will need to consider political implications. Zeus will benefit from the movement of free trade within the EU, and the low taxation within the UK for businesses, however there are other political issues that Zeus will need to consider whether they stay in the UK or move into Europe. These areo Social policies health and safety standards, holiday/sick pay, workings time directive, working conditions etc.o Environmental requirements such as noise and pollution levels, safety fittings etc.o Technological does the technology meet business requirements? do the workforce know how to use the equipment? etc.RecommendationI would recommend tha t Zeus stay in the UK. When the 10 new countries join the EU, EMU will be affected and it would be well advised to consider in the future tense expanding into Poland as they are in the centre of the EU and have a highly skilled and are inexpensive workforce to employ.Currently it would beneficial for Zeus to stay in the UK due to the governments objective to build a stronger economy. I would recommend that Zeus seriously look into moving or expansion into Europe and see how this mirrors with current and demand.BibliographyBooksPalmer A, The Business Environment, 2002Mercado S, European Business, Pitman, 2001Piggott J, International Business Economics, 1999Davison Purple, The European Competitive Environment, 1995Websiteswww.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/businesswww.gov.org.ukwww.offical-documents.co.ukHND unit of measurement 29 European Business

Ultrasound Machines India China And A Skewed Essay Example for Free

Ultrasound Machines India China And A reorient EssayGeneral Electric Co. and other companies deport sold so m any(prenominal) ultrasonography machines in India that tests ar now available in small towns like Indergarh, where there is no drinking water, electrical energy is infrequent, and roads turn to mud after a March rain shower. A scan typically costs $8, or a weeks wages.GE has waded into Indias market as the field grappleswith a difficult social issue the abortion of female fetuses by families who want boys. Campaigners against the practice and both(prenominal) authorities officials are linking the countrys widely reported skewed sex symmetry with the interpenetrate of echography machines. Thats putting GE, the market leader in India, under the spotlight. It faces legal hurdles, government scrutiny, and bristled business problems in one of the worlds fastest-growing economies.Ultrasound is the main reason the sex ratio is comingdown, says Kalpana Bhavre, who is i n charge of women and barbarian welfare for the Datia district government, which includes Indergarh. Having a daughter is often viewed as incurring alifetime of debt for parents be arouse of the dowry payment at marriage. Compared with that, the cost of an ultrasound is nonhing, she says.For more than a decade, the Indian government has tried tostop ultrasound technology from being used as a tool to determine gender. The devices use sound waves to produce images of fetuses or internal organs for a paradigm of diagnostic purposes. India has passed righteousnesss forbidding doctors from disclosing the sex of fetuses, required official alterations of clinics, and stiffened punishments for offenders. Nevertheless, some estimate that hundreds of thousands of girl fetuses are aborted severally year. GE, by far the largest seller of ultrasound machines in India through a joint venture with the Indian outsourcing giant Wipro Ltd., introduced its own safeguards, even though that means f orsaking sales. We stress emphatically that the machines arent to be used for sex determination, says V. Raja, chief executive of GE healthcare South Asia. This is non theroot cause of female feticide in India. only the efforts gain failed to stop the problem, as a growing saving has made the scans affordable to more people. The skewed sex ratio is an example of how Indias strong prudence has, in unpredictable ways, exacerbated some nagging social problems, such as the traditional preference for boys. most activists are accusing GE of non doing enough to prevent unlawful use of its machines to boost sales. in that location is a demand for a boy thats been completely exploited by multinationals, says Puneet Bedi, a new-sprung(prenominal) Delhi obstetrician. He says GE and others market the machines as an essential pregnancy tool, though the scans often arent necessary for mothers in lowrisk groups. Prosecutors in the city of Hyderabad brought a criminal case against the G E venture with Wipro, as considerably as Erbis Engineering Co., the medical-equipment distri thator in India for Japans Toshiba Corp. In the suits, the district government supposed that the companies knowingly supplied ultrasound machines to clinics that were not registered with the government and were illegally performingIndia has been a critical market to GE. Its outsourcing trading operations have helped the Fairfield, Connecticut, giant cut costs. The country also is agrowing market for GEs heavy equipment and other products. The company wont disclose its ultrasound sales, but Wipro GEs overall sales in India, which includes ultrasounds and other diagnostic equipment, reached round $250 one thousand million in 2006, up from $30 million in 1995.Annual ultrasound sales in India from all vendors also reached $77 million last year, up nearly 10 percent from the year before, according to an estimate from consulting firm rime Sullivan, which describes GE as the clear market le ader. Other vendors include Siemens AG, Philips Electronics NV, and Mindray International Medical Ltd., a new Chinese entrant for Indias pricesensitive customers. India has commodious struggled with an inordinate bit of malebirths, and female infanticidethe violent death of newborn baby girlsremains a problem. The abortion of female fetuses is a more recent trend, but unless urgent action is taken, its poised to escalate as the use of ultrasound services expands, the get together Nations Childrens Fund give tongue to in a report. Indias alarming decline in the child sex ratio is likely to exacerbate child marriage, trafficking of women for prostitution, and other problems, the report said.The latest official Indian census, in 2001, showed a steep decline in the relative number of girls aged 0 to 6 years compared with the decade earlier 927 girls for every 1,000 boys compared with 945 in 1991. In much of northwest India, the number of girls has move below 900 for every 1,000 bo ys. In the northern state of Punjab, the figure is below 800.Only China straightaway has a wider gender gap, with 832 girls born for every 1,000 boys among infants aged 0 to 4 years, according to UNICEF. GE sells close three times as many ultrasound machines in China as in India. In January, the Chinese government pledged to improve the gender balance, including tighter monitoring of ultrasounds. Some experts predict China give be more effective than India in enforcing its rules, given its success at other populationcontrol measures. Boys in India are viewed as wealth earners during life andlighters of ones funeral pyre at death. Indias National Family Health Survey, released in February, showed that 90 percent of parents with twain sons didnt want any more children. Of those with two daughters, 38 percent wanted to try again. Although there are restrictions on abortions in this Hindu-majority nation, the rules offer enough allowance for most women to get around them.GE took the lead in selling ultrasounds in the early mid-nineties soon after it began manufacturing the devices in India. It tapped Wipros extensive distribution and service network to deliver its products to near 80 percent of its customers. For more remote locations and lower-end machines, it used sales agents.The company also teamed with banks to help doctors paythe purchase of their machines. GE now sells about 15 different models, ranging from machines costing $100,000 that offer sophisticated change images to basic black-and-white scanners that retail for about $7,500.To boost sales, GE has targeted small-town doctors. Thecompany has kept prices down by refurbishing old equipmentand marketing laptop machines to doctors who travel frequently, including to rural areas. GE also offered discounts to buyers inclined to boast about their new gadgets, according to a former GE employee. Strategically, we focused on those customers who had big mouths, said Manish Vora, who thus sold ultrasoun ds in the western Indian state of Gujarat for the Wipro-GE joint venture.Without discussing specific sales tactics, Raja, of GE health care South Asia,acknowledges the company is aggressive in pursuing its goals. But he points out that ultrasound machines have broad benefits and make childbirth safer. As the machines become more available, women can avoid making long trips into cities where healthcare typically is more expensive, he says. Indian authorities have tried to regulate sales. In 1994, the government outlawed sex selection and empowered Indian authorities to search clinics and seize anything that assisted sex selection. Today any clinic that has an ultrasound machine must register with the local government and come through an affidavit that it will not conduct sex selection. To date, more than 30,000 ultrasound clinics have been registered in India.GE has taken a number of steps to ensure customers complywith the law. It has educated its sales force about the regulatory r egime, demanded its own affidavits from customers that they will not use the machines for sex selection, and followed up with periodic audits, say executives. They line of descent that in 2004, the first full year it began implementing these new measures, GEs sales in India shrank by about 10 percent from the year before. The sales decline in the low-end segment, for black-and-white ultrasound machines, was curiously sharp, executives say. Only in 2006 did GE return to the sales level it had reached before the regulations were implemented, according to Raja.Complying with Indian law is often tricky. GE cannot tell if doctors sell machines to others who fail to register them. Different states interpret registration rules differently. GE also is under close scrutiny by activists battling the illegal abortion of female fetuses. Sabu George, a 48-year-old activist who holds degrees from Johns Hopkins and Cornell universities, criss-crosses the country to spot illegal clinics.The crimi nal case in Hyderabad against Wipro-GE, a companyrepresentative, three doctors, and an ultrasound technician followed an inspection that found one clinic could not produce proper registration and had not kept complete records for two years. A team of inspectors seized an ultrasound supplied by Wipro-GE. The inspection teams report said it suspected the clinic was using the machines for illegal sex determination.The owner, Sarawathi Devi, acknowledged in an interviewthat her clinic, Rite Diagnostics, was not officially registered at the time of the inspection. She said the ultrasound machine was owned by a freelance radiologist who had obtained proper documentation for the Wipro-GE machine but was not there when the inspectors had arrived. She denied the clinic has conducted sex determination tests. Later, Dr. Devis records show, she registered the clinic with the government and bought a Wipro-GE machine, a sale the company confirms.The speak to case was part of a wider dragnet spe arheadedby Hyderabads top civil servant, District Magistrate Arvind Kumar. During an audit last year, Kumar demanded paperworkfor 389 local scan centers. Only 16 percent could furnish complete address information for its patients, making it almost impossible to track women to kibosh if they had abortions following their scans. Kumar ordered the seizure of almost one-third of the ultrasound machines in the district due to registration and paperwork problems. A suit also was lodged against Erbis, the Toshiba dealer.GEs Raja says that, in general, if theres any doubt about the customers intent to comply with Indias laws, it doesnt make the sale. in that respect is no winking or blinking, he says.A Wipro-GE representative is scheduled to appear at theHyderabad court hearing. An Erbis spokesman said he was unaware of the case in Hyderabad. A court date for Erbis had not been set. A visit to the clinic in Indergarh, a town surrounded by fields of tawny wheat, shows the challenges GE fac es belongings tabs on its machines. Inside the clinic, a dozen women wrapped in saris awaited tests on GEs Logiq 100 ultrasound machine. The line snaked along wooden benches and down into a darkened basement. On the wall, scrawled in white paint, was the message We dont do sex selection.Manish Gupta, a 34-year-old doctor, said he drives two hours each way every week to Indergarh from much larger Jhansi City, where there are dozens of competing ultrasound clinics. He said even when offered bribes, he refuses to disclose the sex of the fetus. Im just against that, Dr. Gupta said.But he is not complying with Indian law. Although the law requires that clinics display their registration certificate in a clamant come out of the closet, Dr. Guptas was nowhere to be seen. When Dr. George, the social activist, asked for the registration, he was shown a different document, an application. But the application was for a different clinic the Sakshi X-ray center. Dr. Gupta said the proper docu ment wasnt with him, adding I must have forget it at home.Asked by The Wall Street Journal about the clinic, the local chief magistrate of Datia district called for Dr. Guptas dossier later in the day. When a local official arrived, Sakshi X-Ray center had been crossed out on the application. In blue pen was written the correct name, Sheetal Nagar, the part of Indergarh where the clinic is located.Its not clear how Dr. Gupta procured the GE machine. Dr.Gupta said he bought it from a GE company representative, but he declined to show documents of ownership. GE says it does not comment on individual customers.Like the rest of India, the Datia district government hastaken a number of steps to try to boost the number of girls in the district. For girls of poor families, the local government provides a place to live, free school uniforms, and books.When they enter ninth grade, the government buys bicycles for them. Yet the low ratio of girls born had not budged much over the past decade , according to Bhavre, the district government official.Ultimately, says Raja, head of GE Healthcare in South Asia, its the job of the government, not companies, to change the prevailing preference for boys. Whats really involve is a change in mindsets. A lot of education has to happen and the government has to do it, he says.Indias Ministry of Health, which is now pursuing 422 different cases against doctors accused of using ultrasounds for sex selection, agrees. Mere legislation is not enough to deal with this problem, the ministry said in a statement. The situation could change only when the daughters are not treated as a burden and the sons as assets.Most recently, both Siemens and GE have introduced handheldultrasound machines, only slightly larger than an iPhone. Initially they will sell for under $10,000.

Storm on the Island Essay Example for Free

rage on the Island searchThe poets, who wrote the four poems in question, all put for state of fightd their personal views upon the aspect(s) of nature which their pieces atomic number 18 themed around. In Seamus Heaneys poem, thrust on the Island, the theme is implied simply in the title. Heaneys poem explores the effects a coerce has upon island dwellers where there is no natural shelter. He relates how weak and defenceless we humans are compared to these natural happenings. The way in which we are forced to shelter and protect ourselves from this nothing which has the power and might to change everything in our lives. The unmistakable adept of peoples fear of natures fury is shown by means ofout the poem. Human and Nature seem to be at war with separately other- nature versus man- with Nature the dominant adversary but humans still grimly hanging on. The ii sides closely appear to be at a stalemate. For try as it might, the storm has not overcome man- and man can only find means to protect himself- macrocosm too weak to retaliate. Heaney presents the storm as an unwanted and vicious foe but does recognize Natures absolute and unrivalled power.Nature is shown to be brutal, strong and overpowering- without mercy to the island dwellers. The other post 1914 poem- The Field Mouse by Gillian Clarke, presents a view which alone opposes Heaneys mentation of Nature dominating over man and man being the victim. In fact it whole reverses the idea and has instead man being the one at fault, and shows Natures sinless beings (e. g. the line of products slip) as the ones who stomach because of our stupidity and greed. It portrays how the innocence of the vulnerable is shattered by stronger forces through the story of a field mouse fatally injured by a harvester.She presents humans as the tyranny- the plague of nature- destroyers of lives, beauty and innocence through our greed, arrogance and selfish ignorance to the people and things around us- na ture as the wronged- the helpless- the meek. Clarkes poem compared to the less descriptive- though honorable as effective Storm on the Island are very similar in theme, as two concentrate on the seeming battle between man and nature- though the poets are in several(predicate) minds on who is the most destructive.Heaney concentrates on the natural occurrences that disrupt and destruct peoples lives- but are unavoidable- whereas Clarke focuses on the death and consequences Humans force upon nature and the innocent. The actions which are not unavoidable and could easily be averted. Each of the four poems are set out in different styles and structure to add to the overall effect of the poems. Storm on the Island is mostly blank verse. Twenty lines without rhyme, but which is structured in strict iambic pentameter of 10 beats per line.This produces an almost methodical and solemn rhythm to the poem which adds to the seriousness of the situation the Island dwellers find themselves in, for if they did not devise methods of protecting themselves from Natures fury, it could be fatal to them. The field mouse however differs. Gillian Clarke sectioned the poem into tether stanzas beginning, middle and end. The first stanza introduces the separate scenes of haymaking and war and compares the two.Though haymaking initially is thought of to be a composed and realistic event, Clarke manages to turn usually innocent images into deadly, warlike scenes.E. g. summer, the long grass is a snare drum. When the idea of summer is presented, we generally perceive a warm, happy peaceful time- as with long grass, we think naturalistic scenes. Long grass is home to plenty of creatures- snakes, rabbits, pheasants, mice etc. As it is home to many creatures and it is therefore considered a safe haven for them.However, Clarke dispels this idea and instead of having it safe, has it a snare drum. Snare- entrapping, harsh- warlike. Drum conjures up the idea of marching to war- the drums in the background providing the solemn funeral like March.The 2nd stanza introduces the mouse injured by their hay making- caught in the tractors blade. An innocent creature killed because of humans. Due to the underlying images and hints of war in the previous stanza, our minds are tuned to this idea of war destroying the innocent, so when given a mouse killed by humans, we think of the innocent civilians who are caught in the crossfire of the war in Europe who have nothing to do with the conflict but ironically due to being neutral are hurt. The third stanza portrays the consequences of our actions upon nature- Before the days gone, the field lies bleeding,The dusk garden inhabited by the saved, voles, frogs, a nest of mice. It disconcertingly again tunes our minds to human war- the refugees fleeing their homes to escape death or injury. The destruction and distress that war brings- the field lies bleeding- And again our poisonous actions on nature. The poem is highly metaphorica l- using combinations of varied lingual devices to achieve its end ambition of procuring a sense of viciousness and remorse in the reader. Metaphors and personification (e. g. the field lies bleeding) are used with great skill- blending two similar stories into one.By using a impartial field mouse injured by a harvester in summer to represent innocent civilians casualties caused by caught in the cross fire of a war they play no part in, she evokes feelings of compassionate and shame inside the reader which then also transfers on to the civilians. She also produces scenes of natural innocence and transforms them into images outrage by human hands (e. g. a child running through killed flowers and the death of the mouse) to embed her daub of our contamination and cruelty upon nature and its creations.Her choice of language is also highly emotive and the feelings of shame and guilt rest largely upon her language. Perhaps this is merely a coincidence, but I received the impression, that the two pre 1914 poems were very much more idyllic nature wise and were more centred upon the beauty and creations, whereas the other two struck me to be more about human interference with nature and the affect nature has on human lives. This is almost definitely due to the huge world wars of 1914 onwards which took place and the after shocks which followed.Though this is only a guess, it would explain the rather sudden change on the outlook of our lives and nature. Millions of people had died suffered and had had their homes destroyed- creating misery, devastation and thousands of refugees. Storm on the Island even has some likeness to the Blitz. Having to build improved safer shelters to protect themselves from the bombardment and rage of the storm reminds us rather of people having to build air raid shelters and take refuge in the underground to protect themselves from the deadly bombings in world war two.

Genetic Engineering and the Law Essay Example for Free

ancestral Engineering and the Law EssayTo understand the respectable implications of inherited engineering science, we must low understand what transmissible engineering is. Genes be units that order for specific characteristics. Such characteristics are hair and gist colour and we inherit these from our parents. It is chromosomes in the prison cell nuclei than enable your organic structure to inherit features or, more specifically, it is the DNA that makes up the chromosomes that forms a unique patrimonial code for all tender being (apart from identical twins). It is estimated that the kind-hearted body has around 50,000 to 100,000 different genes contained inside, some of which hand over been linked to certain diseases. Scientists claim to have identified 4,000 conditions that are linked to just one fault or defect in a persons familial makeup, which is where heritable engineering comes in. At present a project is taking place to identify the function of every gene in the human body. The Human Genome Project aims to unc all over the cause for umteen diseases and find a cure for them. One such way, is genetic engineering. Genetic engineering, as a cure for disease, is the removal of a defective gene sequence and the remodelling of it. but this isnt the only definition given for genetic engineering.Compassion in World Farming describes it as the taking of genes from one species of plant or animal and inserting them into a all different species. It is obvious, in that respectfore, that genetic engineering is used for different things, in different situations. In this essay I will locution at some of the varying uses genetic engineering has in todays world and the ethical implications of such uses. Genetic Engineering and the Law At present human cloning is illegal in the UK, although there are umpteen countries were such a law does not exist. And although, technically, it may be possible to clone humans in the wayanimals have been, th e Act of Parliament strictly forbids ever doing with human eggs what we have done with sheep eggs Dr Ron James Head of PPL Therapeutics. Nor are scientists allowed to mass produce human eggs for in-vitro fertilisation- something that many scientists have been pushing for for years. Genetically modified crops are overly strictly controlled by the law. Such UK laws include The Genetically Modified Organisms (Contained Use) Regulations 1992 and The Genetically Modified Organisms (Deliberate ignition) Regulations 1992. These laws are in addition to the measure For Safety Act which specifies that food must be fit forconsumption. Several government bodies have been direct up to assess and regulate GM foods including ACNFP, COT, FAC and, the most important, The Department of Environment. The DOE requires tat anyone proposing a button must apply to them for consent first. It is then advised by the Advisory Committee on Release to the Environment on the granting of consents. At a Europe an level, the Regulation on Novel Foods and Food Ingredients was introduced in May 1997 and covers labelling of foods no longer equivalent to its conventional counterparts. But despite the introduction of laws, many lot are still unhappy, and are pushing forfurther action. For example the CIWF believe GM meat should be clearly labelled, although they likewise say it should not be sold in the first place. They earn the genetic engineering of farm animals for food as cruel and unnecessary. But the question remains are they right on? Few people have sex the implications of genetic engineering and what it really involves and many are ignorant of what to bear from GM. Genetic Engineering and Animals/ Humans Everyone knows the story of the first cloned animal. The Finn Dorset sheep, known as Dolly, was the first new-born mammal to be cloned from adult cells and is a miracle for scientists the world over.She had opened many new windows of opportunity for scientists who hope to soon b e able to clone humans using the same technology. The possibilities really are endless. A single cell from an elite racehorse could be used to create hundreds of identical copies, each with the same elite genetic makeup. However pleasing this heady new discovery is, there is a widespread argument over whether or not cloning is right. Is it simply a wonderful new way to develop a generation of disease-free animals and humans or is it tampering with nature and playing God?Many people see it as the answer to all problems, that screening washbasin reveal vital information ab bulge a persons demeanor span and health future. Genetic engineering could, in theory, identify genetic defects early on, bragging(a) time to replace the faulty gene and cure the sufferer. Predicting disease is a major use for genetic engineering and one that could change the way we live forever. At present scientist are working on a genetic test known as the GeneChip. They claim in a few years doctors will be ab le to take a simple mouth swab and, using the GeneChip, look through your DNA for disease prospects.Although they have come under fire from their critics, geneticists argue that anyone is entitled to know what their future holds for the health-wise. Indeed they say the information seat be vital for planning out the wait of your life if, for example, you are a woman with a likelihood to develop breast cancer. Pre-natal diagnosis is also another option that could soon be open to the public. Parents could be made aware of any flaws there may be in their childs DNA and could decide whether or not to carry on with the pregnancy. Genetic engineering could also be used to grow substances like human insulin and growth hormone on a huge level.Currently scientists are looking at introducing blood-clotting genes for haemophiliacs and purifying milk from GM sheep for the handling of cystic fibrosis. They are also hoping to study presently incurable diseases in the hope they might be able to introduce a cure using genetic engineering. There are also spunky hopes for animals in genetic engineering. Transgenic animals (or those that have been given a gene from another animal) have many uses. They can produce more meat and milk, feeding the starving, and they can grow faster, with the possibility of less fatty meat. They can be bred to resist disease, but also develop disease so they might be well-tried on for further research. A biotechnology firm in Cambridge is working on a transgensic prey that could be bred to grow desperately needed organs for transplant into human beings.The technique can also be used to knock out genes, deleting proteins so that they might prevent BSE in cows. But it isnt all good news for genetic engineering, in fact there is a lengthy and punishing argument as to why it is dangerous to go to take it to these levels. Many have disagreed with the predicting of disease, saying that many people may not be able to cope with the knowledge that they may contract a terminal disease- it could ruin lives.Also there has been widespread outcry over the Association of Insurance Brokers promulgation that it will not offer life insurance over i 100,100 to anyone who had taken a genetic test that had predicted fatal disease and since 1995 there has been pressure form MPs to develop a code of practise concerning genetic screening. There are also fears of employers discriminating against potential employees who have the potential for life threatening illness in later life. Although scientists hope genetic engineering will provide many choices for parents, the BMA has voiced its concerns that the industry will cause selective breeding or the choice to abort a baby because of undesirable characteristics such as physical traits.The BMA have also said people have been mislead about the power to screen for later abnormalities. It says The number of abnormalities which can be detected in this way is limited and few of the tests are conclusive . The problem many people have with genetic engineering is the risk of error that is involved. Screening is complex and it is difficult to be precise every time. Faulty diagnosis could put an end to job prospects or insurance benefits, not to mention the psychological problems arising from finding out you have the potential to contract a fatal disease.

Linguistics and Interjections Essay Example for Free

Linguistics and Interjections EssayIn westerly doctrine and linguistic theory, interjectionsthat is, words like oof, ouch, and bleah hold in traditionalisticly been under(a)stood to indicate emotional states. This article offers an paper of interjections in Qeqchi Maya that illuminates their entrancewayible and discursive functions. In particular, it discusses the grammatical form of interjections, both in Qeqchi and across languages, and characterizes the indexical objects and pragmatical functions of interjections in Qeqchi in terms of a semiotic frame move around that may be infer for other languages. With these grammatical forms, indexical objects, and pragmatic functions in hand, it details the various complaisant and discursive ends that interjections help oneself in one Qeqchi community, at that placeby shedding light on topical anaesthetic values, norms, ontological classes, and tender relations.In short, this article argues against interpretations of inter jections that focus on internal emotional states by providing an account of their meanings in terms of situational, discursive, and social setting. p a u l k o c k e l m a n is McKennan Post-Doctoral Fellow in Linguistic Anthropology in the Department of Anthropology at Dartmouth College (Hanover, N.H. 03755, U.S.A. emailprotected). innate(p) in 1970, he was educated at the University of California, Santa Cruz (B.A., 1992) and the University of Chicago (M.S., 1994 Ph.D., 2002).His publications include The Collection of Copal among the Qeqchi-Maya (Research in Economic Anthropology 2016394), Factive and Counterfactive Clitics in Qeqchi-Maya Stance, Status, and Subjectivity, in Papers from the Thirty-eighth Annual Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistics society (Chicago Linguistics Society, in press), and The Interclausal Relations Hierarchy in Qeqchi Maya (International Journal of Ameri canister Linguistics 692548). The present paper was submitted 1 vi 01 and accepted 27 xii 02 .1. A longer translation of this article was presented at the workshop Semiotics Culture in Context at the University of Chicago in January 2001. Chris Ball, Anya Bernstein, John Lucy, and Michael Silverstein all provided very helpful commentary. This article likewise greatly beneted from suggestions make by benjamin S. Orlove and several anonymous referees.Western philosophy and linguistic theory have traditionally considered interjections at the periphery of language and primordially related to emotion. For example, the Latin grammarian Priscian dened interjections as a part of speech abbreviateifying an emotion by means of an unformed word (Padley 1976266). Muller (1862) ruling that interjections were at the limit of what might be called language. Sapir (192167) said that they were the ne arest of all language sounds to instinctive utterance. Bloomeld (19841933177) said that they occur under a violent stimulus, and Jakobson (1960 354) considered them exemplars of the purel y emotive stratum of language. While interjections are no longer considered skirting(prenominal) to linguistics and are now carefully dened with respect to their grammatical form, their meanings remain vague and elusive. In particular, although interjections are no longer characterized purely in terms of emotion, they are still characterized in terms of affable states.For example, Wierzbicka (1992164) characterizes interjections as referring to the speakers current mental state or mental act. Ameka (1992a107) says that from a pragmatic point of view, interjections may be dened as a subset of items that encode speaker attitudes and communicative intentions and are contextbound, and Montes (19991289) notes that close to(prenominal) interjections focus on the internal reaction of affectedness of the speaker with respect to the referent. Philosophers have offered similar interpretations. For example, Herder thought that interjections were the human equivalent of animal sounds, being both a language of feeling and a internal law of nature (196688), and Rousseau, pursuing the origins of language, theorized that protolanguage was entirely interjectional (199071).Indeed, much(prenominal)(prenominal) philosophers have posited a historical transition from interjections to language in which the latter allows us not only to index infliction and express passion but also to denote values and exercise reason (DAtri 1995).2 Thus interjections have been understood as a semiotic artifact of our natural origins and the to the juicyest degree transparent index of our emotions. Such an understanding of interjections is deeply rooted in Western thought. Aristotle (1984), for example, posited a contrastive relationship between voice, proper only to humans as instantiated in language, and sound, divided by humans and animals as instantiated in cries.This contrastive relation was then compared with other alike contrastive relations, in particular, value and pleasure/pain, p olis and household, and bios (the good life, or political life proper to humans) and zoe (pure life, shared by all living things). Such a contrast is so pervasive that modern philosophers such as Agamben (1995) have devoted much of their scholarly work to the thinking out of this tradition and others strengthened on it such as id versus ego in the Freudian paradigm. In short, the folk distinction made between interjections and language 2. DAtri (1995124) argues that, for Rousseau, interjections . . . are sounds and not voices they are passive registerings and as such do not presuppose the intervention of will, which is what characterizes human acts of speech.Proper maps onto a larger set of distinctions in Western thought emotion and cognition, animality and humanity, nature and culture, female and male, passion and reason, bare life and the good life, pain and value, private and public, and so on (see, e.g., Lutz 1988, Strathern 1988). In this article I avoid such abstracting and dichotomizing traps by spill straight to the heart of interjections their everyday usage in actual discourse when seen in the context of local culture and grounded in a semiotic framework. I begin by characterizing the linguistic and ethnographic context in which I carried out my research and go on to relate interjections to other linguistic forms, screening how they are both similar to and distinct from other classes of words in natural languages.Next I provide and exemplify a semiotic framework, generalizable across languages, in terms of which the indexical objects and pragmatic functions of interjections can best be characterized. Then I detail the local usage of the 12 most commonly used interjections in Qeqchi and show the way in which they are tied into all things cultural values, norms, ontological classes, social relations, and so on. I conclude by discussing the relative frequency with which the various forms and functions of interjections are used. In short, I argue ag ainst interpretations of interjections that focus on emotional states by providing an account of their meanings in terms of situational, discursive, and social context.Linguistic and Ethnographic ContextWhile I am attempting to provide as wide a theoretical account of interjections as I can, thitherby providing a metalanguage for speaking about similar sign phenomena in other languages, I am also trying to capture the grammatical niceties of Qeqchi Maya and the discursive and social particularities of one Qeqchi-speaking village in particular. Before I begin my analysis, then, I want to sketch the linguistic and ethnographic context in which I worked. Qeqchi is a language in the Kichean branch of the Mayan family, spoken by close to 360,000 speakers in Guatemala (in the departments of Alta Verapaz, Izabel, and Peten) and Belize (Kaufman 1974, Stewart 1980).3 Lin guistically, Qeqchi is relatively well described scholars such as Berinstein (1985), Sedat (1955), Stewart (1980), Stoll (1896), and Chen Cao et al. (1997) have discussed its syntax, morphology, phonology, and lexicon, and I have detailed various morphosyntactic forms (encoding grammatical categories such as mood, status, evidentiality, taxis, and inalienable possession) as they traverse with sociocultural values and contextual features and as they illuminate local modes of personhood (Kockelman 3. Typologically, Qeqchi is a morphologically ergative, head-marking language. In Qeqchi, vowel length (signaled by doubling letters) is phonemic /k/ and /q/ are velar and uvular plosives, respectively, and /x/ and /j/ are palato-alveolar and velar fricatives, respectively. All other phonemes have their standard IPA values.2002, 2003a, b). This article is therefore part of a larger aim in which I examine how intentional and evaluative stances are encoded in natural languages and the relations that such stances bear to local modes of subjectivity. Alta Verapaz, the original center of the Qeqchi-speaking peop le who still make up the majority of its population, has had a unusual history even by Guatemalan standards. In 1537, after the Spanish crown had failed to conquer the indigenous peoples living there, the Dominican Friar Bartolome de Las Casas was permitted to pacify the empyrean through spectral methods. Having succeeded, he changed the name of the knowledge base from Tezulutlan (Land of War) to Verapaz (True Peace), and the Dominicans were granted full control over the areathe state censor secular immigration, removing all military colonies, and nullifying previous land grants. In this way, for almost 300 years the area remained an isolated enclave, relatively protected by the paternalism of the church in comparison with other parts of Guatemala (King 1974, Sapper 1985).This finish abruptly in the late 1800s, however, with the advent of coffee growing, liberal reforms, and the inux of Europeans (Cambranes 1985, Wagner 1996). Divested of their land and forced to work on coffe e plantations, the Qeqchi began migrating north into the unpopulated lowland forests of the Peten and Belize (Adams 1965, Carter 1969, Howard 1975, Kockelman 1999, Pedroni 1991, Saa Vidal 1979, Schwartz 1990, Wilk 1991). In the past 40 years this migration has been supply by a civil war that has ravaged the Guatemalan countryside, with the Qeqchi eeing not just scarce resources and job quotas but also their own nations soldiersoften forcibly conscripted speakers of other Mayan languages (Carmack 1988, IWGIA 1978, Wilson 1995).As a consequence, the past century has seen the Qeqchi population spread from Alta Verapaz to the Peten and nally to Belize, Mexico, and even the United States. Indeed, although only the fourth largest of some 24 Mayan languages, Qeqchi is thought to have the largest percentage of monolinguals, and the ethnic theme is Guatemalas fastest-growing and most geographically extensive (Kaufman 1974, Stewart 1980). The devil key ethnographies of Qeqchi-speakers h ave been written by Wilk (1991) and Wilson (1995), the former treating household ecology in Belize and the latter upheavals in village life and identity at the height of the civil war in highland Guatemala during the 1980s.In addition to these monographs, there are also a number of dissertations and articles on the history (King 1974, Sapper 1985, Wagner 1996), ecology (Carter 1969, Secaira 1992, Wilson 1972), and migration (Adams 1965, Howard 1975, Pedroni 1991) of Qeqchi-speaking people. The entropy for this article are based on almost two years of ethnographic and linguistic eldwork among speakers of Qeqchi, most of it in Chinahab, a village of some 80 families (around 650 people) in the municipality of San Juan Chamelco, in the department of Alta Verapaz. At an lift of approximately 2,400 m, Chinahab is one of the highest villages in this area, with an annual precipitation of more than 2,000 mm. It is also one of the most remote, access to the closest road requiring a three-ho ur hike down a steep and muddy single-track trail.Its relatively high altitude and remote location provide the perfect setting for buy forest, and such a cloud forest provides the perfect setting for the resplendent quetzal, being home to what is thought to be the highest density of such birds in the world. Because of the existence of the quetzal and the cloud forest in which it makes its home, Chinahab has been the site of a successful eco-tourism project the conditions and consequences of which are detailed in my dissertation (Kockelman 2002). While the majority of villagers in Chinahab are monolingual speakers of Qeqchi, some men who have served time in the army or worked as itinerant traders speak some Spanish.All the villagers are Catholic. Chinahab is divided by a mountain peak with dwellings on both of its sides and in the surrounding valleys. It takes about 45 minutes to hike across the village. At one end there is a biological station kept by the eco-tourism project and us ed sporadically by European ecologists, and at the other there is a Catholic church and a cemetery. In the center there is a small store, a school for primary and secondary grades, and a soccer eld.The surrounding landscape is cloud forest giving way to scattered house sites, agricultural parcels, pasture, and elds now fallow. All villagers claim in corn-based, or milpa, agriculture, but very few have enough land to fulll all of their subsistence needs.4 For this reason, numerous women in the village are dedicated to chicken husbandry, most men in the village affiance in seasonal labor on plantations (up to ve months a year in some cases), and many families lock up in itinerant trade (women weaving baskets and textiles for the men to sell) and eco-tourism (the women hosting tourists and the men guiding them). Dwelling sites often obligate a scattering of houses in which reside an older couple and their married sons, all of whom share a water source and a pasture.The individual families themselves often have two houses, a relatively traditional thatched-roof house in which the family cooks and sleeps and a relatively new house with a tin roof in which they host festivals and in which older children and ecotourists may sleep. Because of eco-tourism and the inux of money and strangers that it brings, there has been an increase in the social organization of such tin-roofed houses, and, as will be seen, many of my examples of interjections come from such construction contexts. My data on the use of interjections among villagers in Chinahab comes from 14 months of eldwork carried out between 1998 and 2001.The data collection con4. Before 1968, what is now Chinahab was have by the possessor of a plantation. Qeqchi-speakers who lived in the village of Popobaj (located to the south of and lower than Chinahab) were permitted to make their milpa in this area in exchange for two weeks of labor per month on the nca (Secaira 199220). Only in 1968, when a group of v illagers got together to form a land acquisition committee, were some 15 caballeras (678 ha) of land purchased from the owner for 4,200 quetzals (US$4,200). This land, while legally owned by the entire community, was divided among the original 33 villagers as a function of their original contributions.